Scrooge begs to know whether Tiny Tim will survive. Accessed 4 Mar. I am as light as a feather, I am as happy as an angel, I am as merry as a schoolboy. The vices of ignorance and want are personified by these two cowering children. All rights reserved. He doesnt do any good with it.. Will you not speak to me? Active Themes The ghost of Christmas Past leads Scrooge to the window. Though no one can see him, Scrooge has a great time playing along. He refuses the invitation of his nephew, Fred, to attend Christmas dinner with a hearty "Bah, humbug! If Scrooge doesn't heed their words, he will spend eternity bound in chains, forced to witness the misery of man without any means to help. What event had the greatest impact on Scrooge? In Stave 4, Scrooge learns the truth about the value of his life as it applies to other people. Stave 1 - Bob asks Scrooge for time off, after he rejects the charity workers, and Fred asks him whether he would like to celebrate with him. In Stave 2, the first spirit opens the bed curtains while Scrooge is awake in bed, listening to the fading sound of the church clock striking 1:00 a.m. that night. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. The ghost of his long-dead partner, Jacob Marley, appears and tells him that he will be haunted by three ghosts. But all is not lost. At the same time, many prominent politicians and theorists were attempting to justify these conditions with arguments designed to de-legitimize the rights of the underclass, a move that further hindered the ability of the poor to affect the governing of their own society. Are there no prisons? said the Spirit, turning on him for the last time with his own words. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. 7 chapters | The ghost of Christmas present-stave3-quotes. The cratchit family-quotes-stage three. In order to complete this discussion, I complete a lot of analysis of key quotations, and at the end I provide a summary about how Scrooge is presented and a question for you to reflect on!~~~Please consider supporting me on Patreon! In desperation, he tries to warm himself by the flame of his one candle, but fails. Christmas should stimulate within people a concern for the wants and needs of others and a euphoric joy in fulfilling these desires. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. Sadly, indicated by this ominous sign, Tiny Tim would not overcome his illness. ', 'If he wanted to keep them after he was dead, a wicked old screw,' pursued the woman, 'why wasn't he natural in his lifetime? . A happy New Year to all the world. Scrooge sees his nephew, Fred, with his family. "What quotes describe how Scrooge changes in stave 3 ofA Christmas Carol?" Have they no refuge or resource? cried Scrooge. conduct me where you will. Hard and sharp as flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire; secret, and self-contained, and solitary as an oyster." How does Dickens present Scrooges fear in Chapter 4? Scrooge is a caricature of a miser, greedy and mean in every way. His wealth is of no use to him. We quickly learn that Scrooge lives his life alone - no one even greets him in the street and beggars don't even ask him for help. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. In essence, the celebratory aspects of Christmas that Dickens promotes are grounded in this empathetic generosity. Dickens was particularly disgusted with the writings of an economist named Thomas Robert Malthus, a wealthy man, who argued in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) that population growth would always outpace food supply resulting in unavoidable and catastrophic poverty and starvation. But then Scrooge is shown visions by the three spirits. In stave 1 Scrooge is seen as a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scrapping, clutching, covetous old sinner. Dickens shows how the citys poverty has caused a generation of lost childhoods Peter and Martha work as hard as their father does, but though theyve lost their innocence, Christmas makes them innocent again and music soothes their woes. "His wealth is of no use to him. You are changed. Ace your assignments with our guide to A Christmas Carol! The spirit takes Scrooge to the center of London, where Scrooge realizes that people are discussing someone who has just died, but in unflattering terms. This highlights how he represent generosity since the poor would have very little food at Christmas. cried a cheerful voice. on 50-99 accounts. What is the biggest lesson Scrooge learns in Stave 3? The spirit appears to be seated on a throne of lavish foods fit for a feast. Why is the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come introduced at the end of Stave 3? Who shows pity for Scrooge when he is mocked in Stave 3? Scrooge crept towards it, trembling as he went; and following the finger, read upon the stone of the neglected grave his own name, Ebenezer Scrooge. All rights reserved. "His wealth is of no use to him. He must heed their warnings if he wants to avoid suffering the same fate as Marley. Continue to start your free trial. His chain is made up of symbols of what he chose to value during his time on Earth, and he is doomed to wear it for eternity. In Stave 2, Scrooge is visited by the first spirit, the Ghost of Christmas Past. Scrooge is so incensed that he chases him away with a ruler. As the title hints, this famous story is structured as a song like the Western tradition of Christmas carols sung from door to door during the holiday season. Enjoy eNotes ad-free and cancel anytime. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. We can see the moral of the story here, that you can be happy with nothing, if you are grateful and generous. Want 100 or more? ', 'Our contract is an old one. Amid all this sits, The Ghost of Christmas Present is the archetypal Father Christmas figure. The third ghost shows Scrooge all the non-blessings his choices have allotted him upon his death. His eyes sparkle, contributing to his cheerful demeanor. Scrooge falls to his knees and asks what the ghost wants with him. The Cratchits really appreciate their food. Who is Belle in A Christmas Carol, and why was she important to Scrooge? In stave 3, Scrooge is visited by the Ghost of Christmas Present. He holds a torch, and a reddish, glowing red light is emitted from the room where he sits upon a throne of expensive food and drinks. By being shown Fezziwig and reminded of how much the man meant to him, Scrooge has to really take a look at himself and see that he is nothing like the man who helped him so much. Scrooge is a cold-hearted tightwad: though Marley was his only friend, he conducted business on the day of Marley's funeral because he saw a chance to make a profit. The spirit then takes Scrooge to the meager home of Bob Cratchit, where Mrs. Cratchit and her children prepare a Christmas goose and savor the few Christmas treats they can afford. The way the content is organized, LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in, Compare and contrast themes from other texts to this theme, The ThemeTracker below shows where, and to what degree, the theme of Greed, Generosity and Forgiveness appears in each chapter of. Scrooge-quotes-stave 3. Scrooge hears mournful wailing, cries of desperation, and sorrowful laments. | Further, Scrooge speaks to the spirit submissively, saying. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. The upper classes owned the businesses, the land, and the factories. Personification in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens | Examples & Analysis, A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens | Background & Facts, Mrs. Cratchit in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens | Character & Analysis, A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens | Genres & Analysis, Common Core ELA - Literature Grades 9-10: Standards, 9th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, American Literature Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare: Study Guide, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Study Guide, Hamlet by William Shakespeare Study Guide, Create an account to start this course today. A Christmas Carol Stave 3 Summary & Analysis. It reminds us of the poor young boy stuck in the school room with only his imagination to entertain him at Christmas time and brings out the long-hidden sympathetic side of miserable Uncle Scrooge. As Scrooge's time with The Ghost of Christmas Present comes to an end, he notices that the spirit's hair is now gray. The sight of these poor revellers appeared to interest the Spirit very much, for he stood with Scrooge beside him in a baker's doorway, and taking off the covers as their bearers passed, sprinkled incense on their dinners from his torch. Marley was dead: to begin with. She holds a Mississippi AA Educator License. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. This vision shows us that Scrooge. I feel like its a lifeline. Even as he stares, the face disappears and the knocker looks as it always has before. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Report Content | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. Before we meet the . Learn what stave the Ghost of Christmas Present is in "A Christmas Carol." Stave 1 of the quintessential Christmas classic "A Christmas Carol" introduces the audience to Ebenezer Scrooge, a money-lender who hates Christmas and those who celebrate it. a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner! What lesson did Scrooge learn from the third spirit? Charles Dickens' novella A Christmas Carol is written in five staves similar to verses or stanzas. Turns out, it only gets to live until the end of Christmas. This again, is an example of pathetic fallacy. Scrooge is shown, via the ghosts who visit him, that throughout his entire life he has chosen his own misery, and has often caused others to be miserable. Why is Scrooge alone in A Christmas Carol stave 3? $24.99 Mockingly, the ghost quotes Scrooge's earlier retort, "Are there no prisons? Even though he is poor, he shows courage and huge generosity of spirit he asks God to bless. But the ghosts do not follow a protocol, and when things don't go as planned Scrooge becomes nervous. Name the six places the second spirit takes Scrooge in A Christmas Carol. A fire roars vigorously in the fireplace, warming the room. The spirit orders Scrooge to touch his robe. The spirit orders Scrooge to touch his robe. The spirit replies that given the current conditions in the Cratchit house, there will inevitably be an empty chair at next year's Christmas dinner. The poor were struggling. Of the four spirits and the visions they showed him, this one spurred him most directly to change. Do Men Still Wear Button Holes At Weddings? Upon doing so, the feast and the room vanish instantly and Scrooge finds himself alongside the spirit in the midst of the bustling city on Christmas morning. Marley is wrapped in a long, heavy chain made up of the tools of the money-lending trade, and tells Scrooge that he has been doomed to an eternity of helplessly witnessing human sufferingand that Scrooge will be, too, if he doesn't change his ways. 9 terms. He refuses to surrender a small portion of his wealth to bless others on Christmas. He is the antithesis of the Christmas spirit. He works long hours in unpleasant conditions, is abused by his employer, and makes very little money. A merry Christmas to everybody! 'The Spirits of all Three shall strive within me. Stave 1 opens on a foggy, frigid Christmas Eve. This is showing that Scrooge is changing. It's a site that collects all the most frequently asked questions and answers, so you don't have to spend hours on searching anywhere else. Oh, a wonderful pudding! The echoes of the church bell fade, however, and no ghost appears. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. It bears the name: Ebenezer Scrooge. In this video, I think about the character Ebenezer Scrooge, and in particular, how he is presented in the story's third stave.I discuss how Scrooge is shown to change across this stave: initially, he is money-obsessed and ignorant, but as he sees the sights of Christmas Day, he grows more sympathetic and begins to open his heart, despite being poorly thought of by must people from his time. The spirit orders Scrooge to touch his robe. "Oh! But he was a tight-fisted hand at the grindstone, Scrooge! Scrooge has forgotten his grumpy ways and has found himself happy and excited but he is reminded that this is not the reality, that he has not been joining in with Christmas, and that this happy vision cannot continue because time is running out. Analysis of the Ghost of Christmas Present, Common Core ELA - Speaking and Listening Grades 11-12: Standards, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Study.com SAT Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Study.com PSAT Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Writing Review for Teachers: Study Guide & Help, Reading Review for Teachers: Study Guide & Help, College English Literature: Help and Review, CAHSEE English Exam: Test Prep & Study Guide, Common Core ELA Grade 8 - Literature: Standards, Common Core ELA Grade 8 - Language: Standards, Common Core ELA Grade 8 - Writing: Standards, EPT: CSU English Language Arts Placement Exam. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. In Scrooge we see a man who is transformed from a greedy, selfish miser into a generous and good-natured character by the end. He formerly ran his business with his partner, Jacob Marley, who died seven years before "A Christmas Carol" begins. You can view our. Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Study.com ACT® Reading Test Section: Prep & Practice, AP English Language: Homeschool Curriculum, College Composition for Teachers: Professional Development, CLEP Analyzing & Interpreting Literature: Study Guide & Test Prep, Study.com ACT® English Test Section: Prep & Practice, English 103: Analyzing and Interpreting Literature, Technical Writing Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, College Composition Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, 11th Grade English: Homeschool Curriculum. erb337. and know me better, man!" There is a long, heavy chain around his waist, made of the tools of Scrooge and Marley's trade: ledgers, cashboxes, keys, and padlocks. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Scrooge begins to care about other people in Stave Three. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! Summary. In Stave 1, Ebenezer Scrooge is introduced as a cantankerous old money-lender. He tracks the sound as it comes up the stairs and along the passage, and before his astonished eyes, the cause of the sound passes through the heavy door into Scrooge's chamber: it is Marley's ghost. ', 'Business!' Scrooge is immediately presented as an unpleasant character who is completely obsessed with making money. . In addition to the transporting effect of the music, the game-playing creates an atmosphere of childhood, transporting Scrooge back to better times. Bob Cratchit is Scrooge's clerk at his counting-house. You'll also receive an email with the link. Word Count: 749. 20% It also reminded him of the people who used to be in his life, and the pain that he has experienced in the past. They are collecting for a charity to provide food and coal for the poor on Christmas, which offends Scrooge: in his opinion, if the poor are cold and hungry, they should go to debtor's prison or a workhouse, and if they prefer not to, they should die and "decrease the surplus population." Scrooge, showing that through the visits of the different ghosts he began to change more and more, as in stave two his "lip was trembling", but now he is having "a violent fit of trembling" " Scrooge entered timidly and hung his head before the spirit." This shows that Scrooge is changing and is ashamed of himself for what he has done in the past. He has been mistreated by Scrooge for many years and has Scrooge to blame for his poverty and his constant state of cold, and yet he forgives his master and will not allow anyone to be blamed or talked badly about on Christmas. Why does the Ghost of Christmas Past show Scrooge the boarding school where he was left alone in A Christmas Carol? As Scrooge progresses in his journey of enlightenment he is 'reborn' as a new person which is reflected through the words in the lexical field of youth and innocence. After that, he changes his character completely. The ghost's comment about his brothers refers to each of the Christmases that has occurred since the birth of Christessentially the ghost is commenting on how Scrooge seems never to have really encountered a true Christmas.Scrooge, meanwhile, has stopped resisting the lessons of the spirits and now invites the spirit to teach him what he wants. How do Ignorance and Want change Scrooge? TimesMojo is a social question-and-answer website where you can get all the answers to your questions. 1. At times, he takes great pleasure in observing others' Christmas celebrations. Stave 3. Who is the ghost of Christmas of present referring to as he asks scrooge if he has walked forth with the ghosts more than eighteen hundred elder brothers. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. He hates Christmas and those who celebrate it. 'I will live in the Past, the Present, and the Future!' Scrooge repeated, as he scrambled out . He is not missed nor mourned by others. Similarly, the moral outlook of A Christmas Carol has little to do with the solemnity of a religious occasion. 'I will live in the Past, the Present, and the Future!' This is a foreign sound to Scrooge it jars and surprises him. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Scrooge cries out for comforting words from Marley, who says that he has none to give; however, he does come with an offer that can help Scrooge: three ghosts will visit Scrooge over the next three nights. The ghost then took Scrooge to a warehouse. 2 How does Scrooge change throughout the play? She holds a Mississippi AA Educator License. How are Ignorance and Want described in A Christmas Carol? Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs He shows him the Cratchits whose son, Tiny Tim, has also died. 10 terms. Somewhat disappointed, Scrooge waits for 15 minutes after which a bright light begins to stream down upon him. Say he will be spared. Then, when the spirit throws Scrooges own harsh words and cruel sentiments regarding poor people back in his face. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. At last, Scrooge and the ghost come to a vast and desolate expanse. Though he is shaken, Scrooge opens the door and enters his dwelling. EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Limited Or Anthology Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actor In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie. The Ghost of Christmas Present also takes Scrooge to visit his nephew, Fred, during which Scrooge really enjoys the games the guests play after the meal. What is the ghost of Christmas present sitting on? I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. When the . In Stave 3 of A Christmas Carol, Ebenezer Scrooge is guided by the Ghost of Christmas Present to view the Christmas celebrations of people in the present day. Scrooge learns to see the balance between money and family. Near the end, he goes home to his dingy rooms. The oldest daughter, Martha, returns from her job at a milliner's. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. In this stave, Scrooge begins to develop empathy for the plight of others and begins to consider changing his wicked ways. 4 What is the ghost of Christmas present sitting on? flashcard sets. He also takes Scrooge to Fred's Christmas party, where Scrooge loses himself in the numerous party games and has a wildly entertaining time, though none of the party guests can actually see him. In What Stave is the Ghost of Christmas Present? The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come is described as a phantom, and instead of speaking, he points throughout his time with Scrooge. By the end of the novel we can see that Scrooge has changed a great deal. However, he informs Scrooge that he will be given a chance to save himself when three spirits visit him over the next three days. Scrooge's nephew's reply to Scrooge's distain for Christmas is a contrast to Scrooge's "Bah, humbug!". His behavior changes due to a mixture of shock, fear and guilty conscience. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Here are seven good lessons, as outlined by Welch: 2022 - 2023 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. They were having a Christmas party. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 He allows people into his life, and does his best to help the needy anywhere he can. The church clock strikes one, startling Scrooge, who awakes in mid-snore. (one code per order). Renews March 11, 2023 Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. Why does Scrooge change at the end of A Christmas Carol? At the conclusion of stave 3, Scrooge is horrified to discover that something strange is sticking out from under the robe of the Ghost of Christmas Present. Already a member? How does the Ghost of Christmas Yet change Scrooge? The echoes of the church bell fade, however, and no ghost appears. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. What did Scrooge say about giving his clerk a day off to celebrate Christmas in Charles Dickens'sA Christmas Carol? I mean to give him the same chance every year, whether he likes it or not, for I pity him. He shows his care for his uncle by pledging to continue visiting Scrooge regardless. Scrooge is so frightened that his legs trembled and he was filled with a solemn dread, which shows he is terrified of what the future might hold. The Ghost of Christmas Present identifies them as Ignorance and Want. The church clock strikes one, startling Scrooge, who awakes in mid-snore. "Scrooge was the Ogre of the family." Scrooge is portrayed as a monster, and his family don't like him but feel obligated to toast him. In Staves 1 and 2, the reader learns that Scrooge was not always a terrible person. Scrooge is a changed man. Refine any search. Mankind was my business. He settles himself near the fireplace, and his gaze happens upon an old, unused bell hanging near the ceiling. Yet there is a kind of sadness in the richness of the scenethis is the sort of amazing feast Scrooge. Share Cite. Seeking forgiveness is a strength, not a weakness. 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. The Ghost of Christmas present taught him how to show kindness to others, and showed Scrooge how he affected those around him. There are times in the journey when Scrooge happily reminisces. He demonstrates this again when he sees his headstone, reminding the ghost that he would not have been shown the visions if there was no hope for him. When he watches his clerk Bob Cratchit and his family, he shows that he is changing by the question he asks the ghost about Tiny Tim. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Free trial is available to new customers only. Characters in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, Social Injustice in Cry, the Beloved Country: Quotes & Examples, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Bob Cratchit's Christmas celebration moves Scrooge. In fact, he implied that if the spirit really cared about Scrooges welfare, then the spirit would let Scrooge sleep. This . He uses very few gas lamps in his gloomy home, eats simple meals, and keeps a low fire with little fuel at work and home so that everyone is always cold. "I wear the chain I forged in lifeI made it link by link, and yard by yard; I girded it on of my own free will, and of my own free will I wore it." Latest answer posted December 05, 2020 at 2:31:01 PM. In stave 3, Scrooge is visited by the Ghost of Christmas Present. When the spirit takes him to the Cratchits home, Scrooge watches Tiny Tim. The storys structure and Scrooges character development are engineered so that as Scrooge becomes aware of his own poverty and learns to forgive and listen to his buried conscience, he is able to see virtue and goodness in the other characters and rediscovers his own generosity he even becomes a symbol of Christmas in the final stave. When he sees the very large spirit, the narrator says that Scrooge looked at it reverently, which is quite a contrast from the way he initially treated the Ghost of Christmas Past. His wealth is of no use to him. Marley joins in the chorus, and Scrooge looks out after him to see multitudes of similar ghosts, all with chains of their own, trying to help the living but unable to: "The misery with them all was, clearly, that they sought to interfere, for good, in human matters, and had lost the power forever." 'Mankind was my business. How is Scrooge presented in Stave 3 quotes? Scrooge was the Ogre of the family. Scrooge is portrayed as a monster, and his family dont like him but feel obligated to toast him. The dealings of my trade were but a drop of water in the comprehensive ocean of my business! Scrooge is the proprietor of a money-lending establishment, a business that lent money to people who found themselves in need, with exorbitant interest rates and predatory lending terms. Instant PDF downloads. At first, Scrooge reluctantly follows the spirit on the journey of his past Christmases. They fly around a little bit more, seeing more of the same thing. 2. The spirit tells Scrooge that he only lives for one day and has more than 1,800 brothers, hinting that he is Father Christmas. Unrivaled Mac notes apps for fuss-free note-taking, 6 Actionable Tips for Improving Your Websites SEO, Copyright 2023 | WordPress Theme by MH Themes. These children represent the failings of a society which disregards its children. The Ghost of Christmas Present serves as the central symbol of the Christmas ideal--generosity, goodwill, and celebration. This change in weather represents how Scrooge has become a lot kinder and more generous. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. Scrooge finds the games the guests play after the meal appealing. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved, "Secret, And Self-contained, And Solitary As An Oyster". ", and even chases a young child who was singing Christmas carols, threatening him with a ruler. Scrooge does not pay Cratchit enough, so he cannot afford many things, including a decent coat. Explain Ignorance and Want, who appear in stave 3 of A Christmas Carol. In a booming voice, the spirit announces himself as the Ghost of Christmas Present. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you With the Ghost of Christmas Past, Scrooge had been dismissive rather than submissive, and he certainly did not treat the spirit with deference or respect. This, at the end of Stave 3, creates suspense and shows that Scrooge is taken by surprise by the final ghost. The portrayal of the Ghost of Christmas Present contrasts with those who believe that good Christians should suffer, deny themselves pleasure, and be solemn and extremely frugal, often leading to a lack of generosity, empathy, and happiness. The kindness of the spirit and the way he favors the poor with his incense shows both how strong the virtues of Christmastime are in the poor population but also how those poor are neglected by the charity of the living. When it is finally time to close for the evening, Scrooge harangues Cratchitt for expecting to have a paid day off at Christmas, and tells him to be at work early on the 26th to make up for it. Latest answer posted December 06, 2020 at 12:31:06 PM. His definition of profit is beginning to change. In Stave 4, Scrooge learns the truth about the value of his life as it applies to other people. It is written in five staves, also known as verses or stanzas, which can also be found in songs and poems. Quotes/Language. His long, brown curls are crowned with a wreath of holly and sprinkled with icicles. When he gets home to his meager rooms, Scrooge is visited by the ghost of his partner, Jacob Marley, who has been dead for seven years. Sunrise. He is polite and apologetic to the spirit and tells him that the previous spirits lesson is working now, which suggests that he is finding some value to these visions, even though they are painful.
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