Wikipedia entry. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. [110], After peace was reached, Sulla advanced on Fimbria's forces, which deserted their upstart commander. Sulla, in full Lucius Cornelius Sulla or later Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, (born 138 bcedied 79 bce, Puteoli [Pozzuoli, near Naples, Italy]), victor in the first full-scale civil war in Roman history (88-82 bce) and subsequently dictator (82-79), who carried out notable constitutional reforms in an attempt to strengthen the Roman Republic during the last century of its existence. He left one of his allies, Quintus Lucretius Afella to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. Sulla's body was cremated and his ashes placed in his tomb in the Campus Martius. Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I? [citation needed]. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. [101], Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. The next year, 96BC, he assigned "probably pro consule as was customary" to Cilicia in Asia Minor. In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or 'primary research' are original research experiments, studies, or . [84] Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term. Gnaeus Carbo attempted to lift the Siege of Praeneste but failed and fled to Africa. By. Research Process and Acumen: Experience with primary sources can support future academic success. No action was taken against the troops nor action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. With the capture and execution of Carbo, who had fled Sicily for Egypt, both consuls for 82BC were now dead. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. [25], The Jugurthine War had started in 112BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. [115] Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. Publius Cornelius Rufinus, one of Sulla's ancestors and also the last member of his family to be consul, was banished from the Senate after having been caught possessing more than 10 pounds of silver plate. [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. He defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing the consul to withdraw. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. [30] Sulla was popular with the men, charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including Marius. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. Marius arranged for Sulla to lift the iustitium and allow Sulpicius to bring proposals; Sulla, in a "desperately weak position [received] little in return[,] perhaps no more than a promise that Sulla's life would be safe". This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25]. The Acropolis was then besieged. The Roman Republic and territories in 100 B.C. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. His enemy, Lucius Cornelius Cinna, was elected consul for 87BC in place of his candidate;[83] his nephew was rejected as plebeian tribune while Marius' nephew was successful. If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. They had, however, fallen on hard times. [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. [16] His father may have served as praetor, but details are unclear; his father married twice and Sulla' stepmother was of considerable wealth, which certainly helped the young Sulla's ambitions. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including Publius Cornelius Cethegus, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. [61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. The Athenian politician Aristion had himself elected as strategos epi ton hoplon and established a tyranny over the city. [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar. Sulla then duly besieged the city. His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). In 89BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. [21] Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed. From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. The hundreds of thousands of men who enlisted . Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. be determined. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. Find these with these special Subject terms. The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. Click the title for location and availability information. He brought Pompeii under siege. Gill. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. 82 BC. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis.
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